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 Table of Contents  
CASE REPORT
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 5  |  Issue : 2  |  Page : 109-112

Diaphragmatic eventration with gastric volvulus: A surgical emergency


Department of General Surgery, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Date of Web Publication16-Jun-2015

Correspondence Address:
Dr. S Yerrapragada
Department of General Surgery, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Center, LB Nagar, Hyderabad - 500 068, Andhra Pradesh
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2278-9596.158826

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  Abstract 

Diaphragmatic eventration is an abnormally elevated hemidiaphragm in the chest cavity with poorly developed muscle fibers. This condition can lead to abnormal displacement of intra-abdominal organs. It is a developmental anomaly and usually remains asymptomatic in early life. It presents later with respiratory and occasionally gastrointestinal complications. A clinical scenario of eventration of diaphragm, displacement of the stomach, the splenic flexure of colon, and the spleen with gastric volvulus is uncommon. Early diagnosis and prompt intervention prevents development of necrosis and perforation of stomach. We report a case of a 68-year-old male having left sided diaphragmatic eventration associated with acute on chronic intermittent organoaxial gastric volvulus and displaced intra-abdominal organs. He underwent surgical repair with a successful outcome.

Keywords: Diaphragmatic eventration, gastric volvulus, gastropexy


How to cite this article:
Yerrapragada S, Perumalla K, Daga S, Amirineni K. Diaphragmatic eventration with gastric volvulus: A surgical emergency. Arch Int Surg 2015;5:109-12

How to cite this URL:
Yerrapragada S, Perumalla K, Daga S, Amirineni K. Diaphragmatic eventration with gastric volvulus: A surgical emergency. Arch Int Surg [serial online] 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 29];5:109-12. Available from: https://www.archintsurg.org/text.asp?2015/5/2/109/158826


  Introduction Top


Diaphragmatic eventration is an abnormally elevated dome of the diaphragm with poorly developed muscle fibers. This is usually congenital in nature due to incomplete muscularization of diaphragm. It may be acquired due to phrenic nerve injury. [1] Intra-abdominal organs become displaced in this condition, the most common being the stomach. Abnormal displacement of the stomach may lead to volvulus and further complications.

Gastric volvulus is an abnormal rotation of the stomach usually by more than 180 degrees causing a closed loop obstruction. It usually presents with nonspecific upper abdominal pain, retching, and vomiting. Gastric volvulus can lead to incarceration, strangulation, and perforation if untreated. Torsion may occur along the long axis of the stomach (organoaxial gastric volvulus) or along the perpendicular axis (mesentroaxial gastric volvulus). [2] We present the management of a 68-year-old male who presented with left diaphragmatic eventration and organoaxial gastric volvulus.


  Case Report Top


A 68-year-old male presented with complaints of pain in left upper quadrant of abdomen with fullness, projectile vomiting, and constipation for 2 days. The vomitus contained recently ingested food. He had shortness of breath which increases on lying down on the right lateral position. He had similar complaints intermittently over the past 1.5 years, which were relieved after vomiting. On clinical examination, he was found to be tachypneic with tachycardia and moderate dehydration. Fullness was seen in the epigastrium. There was minimal tenderness over the left hypochondrium with no palpable lumps. Air entry was decreased in the left hemithorax with presence of gurgling sounds on auscultation. A clinical diagnosis of left diaphragmatic hernia was made.

He was resuscitated with intravenous (IV) fluids and a nasogastric tube was placed for gastric decompression. His hemoglobin, white cell count, electrolytes, and renal function tests were within normal limits. His chest radiograph showed a raised left diaphragmatic dome with a gastric shadow obliterating the left lung field and mediastinal shift to the right [Figure 1]. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest and the abdominopelvis showed a collapsed left lung, a left diaphragmatic hernia with the stomach, splenic flexure of the colon, and the spleen as contents with a gastric volvulus [Figure 2] and [Figure 3].
Figure 1: Chest X-ray showing elevated left hemidiaphragm with gastric shadow obliterating the left lung field and mediastinal shift to the right

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Figure 2: Contrast-enhanced CT scan of chest and abdomen, sagittal section, showing a gastric and colonic herniation in left chest cavity with collapsed lung and mediastinal shift to the right. CT = Computed tomography

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Figure 3: CT chest and abdomen, transverse section, showing constricting band in stomach at the site of volvulus

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After adequate resuscitation and informed consent, he was taken for laparotomy. Intraoperatively, thoracic displacement of intra-abdominal organs was seen. There was diaphragmatic eventration with the stomach, the splenic flexure, and the spleen in the left hemithorax [Figure 4]. An organoaxial gastric volvulus with a constricting ring along the longitudinal axis was seen [Figure 5]. Adhesions were released, the contents reduced, and viability of the stomach was confirmed. Diaphragmatic plication with anterior gastropexy was done. Postoperatively, he made a satisfactory recovery. The chest drain was removed on the third postoperative day [Figure 6]. He was discharged home on the 6 th postoperative day. His symptoms resolved completely and was doing well on follow-up after 6 months.
Figure 4: Spleen and splenic flexure of colon ascending into left hemithorax

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Figure 5: Constricting ring at volvulus site on stomach after releasing of adhesions

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Figure 6: Postoperative chest radiograph showing well-inflated left lung field

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  Discussion Top


Eventration of the diaphragm can be congenital or acquired. Congenital eventration of diaphragm is an abnormal elevation of one leaf of intact diaphragm characterized by a developmental abnormality of the diaphragm musculature. [1] Eventration can be unilateral or bilateral. The left side is affected more often than the right, and males are affected more often than females. [1] The affected diaphragm may consist of a fascial layer with few or no muscle fibers. [1] Phrenic nerve is normal in all congenital cases. Acquired diaphragmatic eventration is seen in phrenic nerve injury.

Gastric volvulus is an uncommon condition. The stomach is relatively fixed at the esophageal hiatus and at the pylorus and is prevented from abnormal rotation by four gastric ligaments. They are the hepatogastric (lesser omentum), the gastrocolic, the gastrosplenic, and the gastrophrenic ligaments. Absence or weakness of these anatomic anchors results in the mobility of the stomach within the wide subdiaphragmatic space and the potential for gastric volvulus. [2] Torsion occurs along the stomach's longitudinal axis (organoaxial) in about two-third of cases and along the vertical axis (mesenteroaxial) in one-third of cases of gastric volvulus. [3] Most commonly, organoaxial gastric volvulus occurs acutely and is associated with a diaphragmatic defect, whereas, mesenteroaxial volvulus is partial (<180 degrees), recurrent, and not associated with a diaphragmatic defect. In adults, the diaphragmatic defects are most commonly traumatic or the result of paraesophageal hernias; whereas in children, congenital defects such as the foramen of Bochdalek or Morgagni are causally involved. The major symptoms at presentation are abdominal pain that is usually acute in onset, distention, vomiting, and hematemesis. [3]

The sudden onset of constant and severe upper abdominal pain, recurrent retching with production of little vomitus, and the inability to pass a nasogastric tube constitute Borchardt's triad. [3]

In addition, other pointers like a gas-filled viscous in the lower chest shown by chest radiography and obstruction at the site of volvulus shown by emergency upper gastrointestinal series should be kept in mind. [4] Sometimes subtle signs like hiccups [5] or hearing of gurgling sounds both by patients and physician combined with decreased air entry in the chest, as was in the present case, can be pointers for herniation. Most patients with unilateral diaphragmatic eventration are often asymptomatic; however, some complain of dyspnea on effort or orthopnea, due to the decrease in ventilation and oxygenation because of paradoxical motion of the affected diaphragm and diminished intrathoracic volume.

Management of diaphragmatic eventration varies greatly depending on whether the diagnosis is made in infants or adults. Asymptomatic patients with diaphragmatic eventration may be managed conservatively. Simple cases of diaphragmatic eventration may not require surgical intervention if it is not intruding significantly into the thoracic cavity and is not associated with adverse symptoms. [4] However, treatment by plication is indicated if there are symptoms of dyspnea, recurrent pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, chest pain, poor exercise tolerance, and functional disorders of stomach.

Symptomatic gastric volvulus associated with diaphragmatic eventration is a surgical emergency and always requires surgical repair. [4] The surgical approach may be open, laparoscopic, or thoracoscopic; and plication with or without reinforcement by mesh. In our case an abdominal approach was preferred keeping in view the possibility of chronic and dense adhesions between the displaced viscera and the diaphragm. Abdominal approach in this case facilitated the safe reduction of the thoracic contents back into the abdomen. Recently, endoscopic reduction of the gastric volvulus, [7] percutaneous endoscopic gastropexy, [8] and laparoscopic gastropexy [9],[10] for a gastric volvulus have been reported.


  Conclusion Top


Symptomatic gastric volvulus associated with diaphragmatic eventration is an uncommon condition. This combination is usually a surgical emergency. The acute presentation of gastric volvulus is dramatic and usually not difficult to diagnose. The subacute or chronic types, however, are frequently not recognized early in their presentation because they are accompanied by vague and nonspecific symptomatology suggestive of other abdominal processes. Early diagnosis by clinical suspicion and appropriate imaging combined with prompt surgical management is the key to prevent life-threatening complications.

 
  References Top

1.
Skandalakis JE, Celborn GL, Weidman TA, Foster RS Jr. Skandalakis′ Surgical Anatomy: The Embryologic and Anatomic Basis of Modern Surgery. Athens: Paschalidis Med Public; 2004. p. 364-5.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Shafiq S, Ramathilakam B. Eventration of diaphragm with a rare association. J Dig Endosc 2014;5:30-2.  Back to cited text no. 2
  Medknow Journal  
3.
Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL. Sabiston text book of surgery. The biological basis of modern surgical practices. 19 th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2012. p. 1223.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Sinwar PD. Gastric mesentroaxial volvulus with partial eventration of left hemidiaphragm: A rare case report. Int J Surg Case Rep 2015;9:51-3.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
McElreath DP, Olden KW, Aduli F. Hiccups: A subtle sign in the clinical diagnosis of gastric volvulus and a review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci Nov 2008;53:3033-6.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Dogan NO, Aksel G, Demircan A, Keles A, Bildik F. Gastric volvulus due to diaphragmatic eventration and paraesophageal hernia. Turk J Med Sci 2010;40:825-8.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Tsang TK, Walker R, Yu DJ. Endoscopic reduction of gastric volvulus: The alpha-loop manoeuvre. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:244-8.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Baudet JS, Armengol-Mio JR, Medina C, Accarino AM, Vilaseca J, Malagelada JR. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy as atreatment for chronic gastric volvulus. Endoscopy 1997;29:147-8.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Beqiri A, Vanderkolk WE, Scheeres D. Combined endoscopic and laparoscopic management of chronic gastric volvulus. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;46:450-2.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Schaefer DC, Nikoomenesh P, Moore C. Gastric volvulus: An old disease process with some new twists. Gastroenterologist 1997;5:41-5.  Back to cited text no. 10
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]


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